What is a reason international conventions for counterterrorism have been established?

International conventions for counterterrorism have been established primarily because weak international legal institutions create challenges in addressing and preventing terrorism effectively across borders. When legal frameworks are insufficient or fragmented, it becomes difficult for countries to collaborate on counterterrorism efforts. This lack of cohesive legal instruments can lead to gaps in enforcement and the ability to prosecute terrorists who operate internationally. By establishing conventions, nations can work together to strengthen legal frameworks, enhance cooperation, and establish mutual legal assistance, which is crucial for combating terrorism that transcends national boundaries.

The other options present specific issues related to terrorism but do not encompass the broader systemic need for international cooperation and legal alignment that conventions are designed to address. For instance, while attacks on politicians are a significant aspect of terrorism, they do not explain the necessity for creating conventions. Similarly, domestic terrorist activity, though critical to consider, primarily reflects national challenges rather than international legal cooperation, and the spread of extremist ideologies, while a motivating factor behind terrorism, is part of the narrative rather than the foundational reason for establishing conventions.